The brutal realism of Scarface (1932) was brought to life by Howard Hawks, while the dizzying screwball comedy of Bringing Up Baby (1938) bears the unmistakable stamp of Hawks’s directorial genius as well. Though vastly different in tone and subject matter, both films showcase his ability to command actors and create iconic cinematic experiences.
Howard Hawks: A Chameleon Director
Howard Hawks stands as a towering figure in Hollywood history, a director known for his versatility and his ability to craft compelling narratives across a multitude of genres. From the gritty crime dramas to the zany comedies and soaring adventures, Hawks left an indelible mark on American cinema. His approach, characterized by a straightforward, almost invisible style, belied a meticulous attention to detail and a deep understanding of storytelling. He was less concerned with visual flourishes and more focused on authentic character development and the creation of believable, engaging relationships.
Hawks’s career, spanning from the silent era to the late 1970s, encompassed everything from Westerns (e.g., Red River, Rio Bravo) to war films (e.g., Sergeant York) to science fiction (e.g., The Thing from Another World). He often recycled themes and character types, refining his signature style across decades. But it’s in the contrasting brilliance of Scarface and Bringing Up Baby that his true range becomes undeniably evident.
The Ferocity of Scarface
Scarface, a pre-Code gangster film, is a raw and unflinching portrayal of Tony Camonte’s (Paul Muni) violent rise to power in the Chicago underworld. Hawks, working with writers Ben Hecht, Seton I. Miller, John Lee Mahin, and W.R. Burnett, delivered a film brimming with intense action, morally ambiguous characters, and a palpable sense of danger. The film’s groundbreaking depiction of violence, coupled with its suggestion of incestuous undertones between Tony and his sister, shocked audiences and pushed the boundaries of what was considered acceptable on screen.
Hawks’s direction in Scarface emphasized naturalistic performances and a brisk pace. He avoided overly stylized shots, preferring a more documentarian approach to capturing the grim reality of gangland violence. He focused on conveying the characters’ motivations and the brutal consequences of their actions, creating a film that was both thrilling and deeply disturbing. The use of an “X” marking deaths foreshadows key plot points and adds another layer of directorial control.
The Frivolity of Bringing Up Baby
In stark contrast to the darkness of Scarface, Bringing Up Baby is a lighthearted, effervescent screwball comedy starring Katharine Hepburn as the impulsive Susan Vance and Cary Grant as the hapless paleontologist David Huxley. This film exemplifies Hawks’s mastery of comedic timing, witty dialogue, and chaotic energy. The plot, involving a missing leopard, a stolen intercostal clavicle, and a series of outlandish misunderstandings, is a masterclass in absurdity.
Hawks encouraged improvisation and relied heavily on the chemistry between Hepburn and Grant to create a dynamic and unpredictable atmosphere. He allowed the actors to explore the comedic possibilities of their roles, resulting in performances that are both hilarious and genuinely endearing. Bringing Up Baby, while initially a box office failure, has since become recognized as a cornerstone of the screwball comedy genre, demonstrating Hawks’s ability to create enduring works even when defying conventional expectations.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
FAQ 1: Why did Scarface face so much censorship?
Scarface encountered significant censorship due to its graphic violence and perceived glorification of gangsters. The Hays Code, although not fully enforced at the time, heavily scrutinized the film. Censors demanded numerous cuts and alternate endings to appease moral concerns. They were worried that audiences would admire Tony Camonte. The controversy ultimately contributed to the film’s notoriety and enduring appeal.
FAQ 2: How did Howard Hawks influence the screwball comedy genre with Bringing Up Baby?
Hawks’s contribution to the screwball comedy genre with Bringing Up Baby lies in its unpredictable pacing, eccentric characters, and focus on witty banter. He prioritized character-driven humor over slapstick, crafting a sophisticated and fast-paced comedy that influenced countless filmmakers. He also established the “battle of the sexes” trope, where strong-willed female characters challenged conventional gender roles.
FAQ 3: What are some common stylistic elements found in Howard Hawks’s films?
Common stylistic elements in Hawks’s films include strong, independent characters; fast-paced dialogue; a focus on professionalism and competence; and a preference for naturalistic acting. He often explored themes of loyalty, camaraderie, and the challenges of overcoming adversity. Visually, he favored straightforward camerawork and a focus on storytelling over elaborate visual effects.
FAQ 4: Did Howard Hawks often work with the same actors?
Yes, Howard Hawks frequently collaborated with certain actors, establishing strong working relationships. Cary Grant, John Wayne, and Humphrey Bogart are notable examples. He understood their strengths and tailored roles to maximize their impact, contributing to their iconic status in cinema.
FAQ 5: What was Howard Hawks’s directorial approach to actors?
Hawks emphasized naturalism and authenticity in his direction of actors. He encouraged improvisation and valued their input, fostering a collaborative environment. He believed in casting actors who possessed inherent charisma and screen presence, allowing them to bring their own unique personalities to their roles.
FAQ 6: How does the depiction of women differ between Scarface and Bringing Up Baby?
The depiction of women is vastly different. In Scarface, Poppy (Karen Morley) is portrayed as a somewhat passive and dependent character, easily manipulated by Tony’s power. In contrast, Susan Vance in Bringing Up Baby is a force of nature – independent, unpredictable, and ultimately the driving force behind the plot. This highlights Hawks’s range in portraying female characters.
FAQ 7: What role did Ben Hecht play in the making of Scarface?
Ben Hecht served as the primary screenwriter for Scarface, bringing his experience as a former crime reporter to the project. Hecht’s contribution was crucial in shaping the film’s gritty realism, authentic dialogue, and complex characters. He also helped navigate the censorship challenges, crafting a narrative that pushed boundaries while remaining commercially viable.
FAQ 8: Why was Bringing Up Baby initially a box office flop?
Several factors contributed to Bringing Up Baby‘s initial box office failure. Audiences at the time found the film’s eccentric humor and frenetic pace disorienting. Katharine Hepburn’s unconventional persona was also seen as off-putting to some viewers. Only later did the film gain critical acclaim and recognition as a comedic masterpiece.
FAQ 9: How did Howard Hawks’s experience flying airplanes influence his filmmaking?
Hawks was an avid pilot, and his experience in aviation influenced his filmmaking in several ways. He developed a strong appreciation for technical precision, efficient storytelling, and the importance of teamwork. His films often feature characters who embody these qualities, reflecting his personal values and experiences.
FAQ 10: What is the significance of the “X” in Scarface?
The “X” appears throughout Scarface and is a visual motif that foreshadows death. It’s often seen on doors, billboards, and even in the pattern of shadows, serving as a constant reminder of the violence and impending doom that permeate Tony Camonte’s world. This is a prime example of Hawks subtly using visual cues to enhance the narrative.
FAQ 11: How did the Pre-Code era impact the content of Scarface?
The Pre-Code era allowed for a greater degree of sexual suggestiveness and violence in films like Scarface than would have been permissible later. This freedom enabled Hawks to explore more complex and morally ambiguous characters and themes, resulting in a film that was both shocking and thought-provoking.
FAQ 12: What is Howard Hawks’s legacy in the history of cinema?
Howard Hawks’s legacy is one of versatility, craftsmanship, and a dedication to authentic storytelling. He influenced countless filmmakers with his innovative techniques, strong characters, and ability to seamlessly transition between genres. His films continue to be studied and celebrated for their enduring appeal and their contributions to the evolution of American cinema. He remains a true auteur, leaving behind a diverse and influential body of work.