BEVA 371, a crucial tool in conservation, was first formulated in the late 1970s, but the availability of BEVA 371 sheet film, specifically designed for lining paintings and other conservation treatments, wasn’t formally announced and commercially launched until the early 1980s, generally accepted as 1980 or 1981. This transition from the original paste to a ready-to-use sheet film format significantly streamlined conservation processes.
The Origins of BEVA and Its Evolution
BEVA 371, in its initial paste form, emerged from the innovative mind of Gustav A. Berger, a prominent conservator, in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He sought to create a consolidant and adhesive that offered reversibility, flexibility, and long-term stability—qualities often lacking in traditional conservation materials. The formulation, named after Berger’s company, Berger Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (BEVA), quickly gained traction within the conservation community due to its unique properties. However, the application of the paste could be time-consuming and require specialized skills. This led to the development of BEVA 371 sheet film, a pre-cast, easily applied alternative.
Why Sheet Film? Addressing the Needs of Conservators
The transition to sheet film addressed several key challenges faced by conservators using the paste version of BEVA 371. Pre-casting allowed for uniform thickness and consistency, eliminating variability in application. The sheet format also simplified the process of lining paintings, a critical treatment for stabilizing weakened or damaged canvases. Furthermore, the film could be precisely cut to size, minimizing waste and ensuring accurate placement. The availability of BEVA 371 sheet film marked a significant advancement in conservation techniques, making the material more accessible and user-friendly for a wider range of conservators. This increased the reliability and reproducibility of conservation treatments, contributing to the preservation of cultural heritage.
Commercial Availability and Early Adopters
Determining the exact first date BEVA 371 sheet film became available for purchase is challenging due to variations in distribution channels and regional availability. However, based on archival documents, conservation publications, and anecdotal evidence from early adopters, the consensus points to 1980 or 1981 as the pivotal year for widespread commercial release. Key suppliers began stocking the film, and it was featured in conservation workshops and publications, signalling its acceptance and adoption by the professional community.
Sources and Documentation
Verifying the exact date requires a combination of primary and secondary source research. While precise invoices or formal product announcements from that era are difficult to locate, references in conservation literature, workshop materials, and personal recollections from conservators who pioneered its use provide valuable insights. Examining archival collections of conservation organizations and contacting senior conservators who were active in the early 1980s can shed further light on the timeline.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about BEVA 371 Sheet Film
Here are some frequently asked questions regarding BEVA 371 Sheet Film:
FAQ 1: What is BEVA 371 used for in conservation?
BEVA 371 is primarily used for lining paintings, a process of adhering a new support (usually canvas or linen) to the back of a weakened or damaged original canvas. It’s also used for consolidating flaking paint, reattaching loose canvas fragments, and as an adhesive for various conservation treatments. Its reversibility makes it a preferred choice for many conservators.
FAQ 2: What are the key advantages of using BEVA 371 Sheet Film?
The key advantages include: reversibility (it can be removed with heat and solvents), flexibility (it remains flexible over time, minimizing stress on the artwork), stability (it resists degradation and yellowing), good adhesion (it forms a strong bond with various materials), and its ease of use in sheet film format compared to the original paste.
FAQ 3: Is BEVA 371 Sheet Film still available today?
Yes, BEVA 371 Sheet Film is still commercially available today, albeit often under different brand names or formulations. It remains a widely used and respected material in the field of art conservation, though newer materials have emerged.
FAQ 4: What is the difference between BEVA 371 paste and sheet film?
The paste is the original formulation, requiring heating and precise application. The sheet film is pre-cast, offering uniform thickness and easier application. The chemical composition is largely the same, but the form factor significantly impacts the workflow.
FAQ 5: How is BEVA 371 Sheet Film applied?
Typically, the sheet film is heat-activated using a tacking iron or a vacuum hot table. The heat softens the adhesive, allowing it to bond with the canvas or other material. Precise temperature control is crucial to avoid damaging the artwork.
FAQ 6: What safety precautions should be taken when working with BEVA 371?
Proper ventilation is essential, as BEVA 371 releases fumes when heated. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including a respirator, gloves, and eye protection. Avoid prolonged exposure to the fumes and skin contact. Consult the material safety data sheet (MSDS) for detailed safety information.
FAQ 7: Can BEVA 371 Sheet Film be used on all types of paintings?
While versatile, BEVA 371 is not suitable for all paintings. Paintings with extremely fragile paint layers or those sensitive to heat and solvents may require alternative treatments. A thorough assessment of the artwork’s condition is crucial before using BEVA 371.
FAQ 8: What are some alternatives to BEVA 371 Sheet Film?
Alternatives include other heat-activated adhesives, solvent-based adhesives, and pressure-sensitive adhesives. The choice depends on the specific requirements of the treatment and the conservator’s preferences. Some common alternatives are Lascaux 498 HV and other EVA-based adhesives.
FAQ 9: How long does a lining with BEVA 371 Sheet Film last?
A lining with BEVA 371, when properly applied, is expected to provide long-term support, potentially lasting for decades or even centuries. However, factors such as environmental conditions and the inherent stability of the original artwork can influence its longevity.
FAQ 10: Where can I purchase BEVA 371 Sheet Film?
BEVA 371 Sheet Film can be purchased from specialty suppliers of conservation materials. These suppliers typically cater to professional conservators and institutions. A quick online search for “BEVA 371 supplier” will yield numerous options.
FAQ 11: What are some common mistakes to avoid when using BEVA 371 Sheet Film?
Common mistakes include: overheating the film (which can damage the artwork), applying uneven pressure (resulting in poor adhesion), using the wrong temperature for activation, and failing to properly prepare the surface before application.
FAQ 12: How should BEVA 371 Sheet Film be stored?
BEVA 371 Sheet Film should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Proper storage helps to maintain its adhesive properties and prevent degradation. Store flat to avoid creases or folds.