The Hasselblad 500EL/M, modified specifically for the lunar environment, was the primary camera used to film the Apollo 11 moon landing. It was this Swedish-engineered marvel that captured the indelible images of humanity’s first steps on another world.
The Hasselblad’s Journey to the Moon
The selection of the Hasselblad 500EL/M for the Apollo missions was no accident. NASA’s rigorous testing and evaluation processes identified it as the camera most capable of withstanding the harsh conditions of space and the lunar surface. The 500EL/M, already a robust and reliable camera, underwent significant modifications to meet the unique demands of the mission.
Essential Modifications for Lunar Photography
Several key modifications were made to the Hasselblad 500EL/M:
- Removal of the Reflex Mirror and Focusing Screen: This reduced weight and simplified the internal mechanics. Astronauts relied on pre-set distances and lens markings for focusing.
- Custom Lens: A specially designed Zeiss Biogon 60mm f/5.6 lens offered a wide field of view and exceptional image quality. This lens was crucial for capturing panoramic vistas of the lunar landscape.
- External Battery Pack: An external battery pack provided the necessary power in the absence of an internal battery, which could be affected by temperature fluctuations.
- Silver Surface Coating: A special silver coating was applied to the camera body to reflect heat and help regulate its internal temperature in the extreme temperature variations of the lunar surface.
- Film Magazine Compatibility: The camera was adapted to use readily available and durable 70mm film, allowing for a larger image format and more exposures per roll.
Beyond Still Photography: The Data Acquisition Camera
While the modified Hasselblad 500EL/M captured the still photographs that became globally recognized, it’s crucial to acknowledge another camera that played a vital role: the 16mm Data Acquisition Camera (DAC). This camera, mounted inside the Lunar Module (LM) and operated by a remote control, filmed the initial descent to the moon and Neil Armstrong’s first steps onto the lunar surface, broadcasting live television images to the world.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About the Moon Landing Cameras
Here are some frequently asked questions to further illuminate the role of cameras in the Apollo 11 moon landing and the context surrounding their use.
1. Why was the Hasselblad chosen over other camera brands?
The Hasselblad’s robust construction, modular design, and reputation for exceptional image quality made it the ideal choice. NASA needed a camera that could withstand the rigors of space travel, extreme temperatures, and the low gravity environment of the moon. Hasselblad also demonstrated a willingness to work closely with NASA to customize the camera to meet their specific requirements. Other manufacturers were considered, but Hasselblad’s commitment and the inherent qualities of their cameras ultimately led to their selection.
2. What happened to the Hasselblad cameras left on the moon?
To save weight for the return journey, the camera bodies and film magazines were left on the moon’s surface. Only the exposed film was brought back to Earth. This decision highlights the mission’s priority: scientific data and the safe return of the astronauts. The estimated value of the abandoned cameras today would be astronomical, considering their historical significance.
3. What type of film was used in the Hasselblad cameras?
The Hasselblad cameras used 70mm Kodak film. This format provided a larger image area compared to standard 35mm film, allowing for greater detail and resolution in the captured images. Different film stocks were used for different purposes, including color film for surface photography and black-and-white film for scientific observations.
4. How did the astronauts operate the cameras in their bulky spacesuits?
The cameras were modified with oversized controls and simplified operation to accommodate the astronauts’ bulky gloves. The astronauts underwent extensive training to learn how to operate the cameras efficiently and effectively within the constraints of their spacesuits. This training was critical to ensuring they could capture the necessary images while performing their other tasks.
5. What kind of lens was used, and why was it special?
The Zeiss Biogon 60mm f/5.6 lens was specially designed for the lunar missions. Its wide field of view was ideal for capturing the vastness of the lunar landscape. It was also a high-resolution lens, ensuring that the captured images were sharp and detailed. Furthermore, its low distortion characteristics were crucial for accurate scientific measurements.
6. How were the cameras protected from the extreme temperatures on the moon?
The cameras were equipped with special thermal coatings and reflective surfaces to minimize heat absorption and radiation. The silver coating on the Hasselblad, for instance, helped to reflect sunlight and prevent the camera from overheating. This thermal protection was essential for ensuring the cameras functioned reliably in the extreme temperature variations of the lunar environment, ranging from scorching sunlight to frigid shadow.
7. Where can I see high-resolution images taken by the Hasselblad cameras on the moon?
NASA maintains a vast online archive of Apollo mission imagery. The Apollo Lunar Surface Journal (alsj.nasa.gov) is an invaluable resource, offering high-resolution scans of the photographs taken by the astronauts on the moon, along with detailed commentary and annotations. Many museums also exhibit prints of the iconic moon landing photographs.
8. Was there a backup camera in case the Hasselblad failed?
Yes, there were multiple Hasselblad cameras taken on the Apollo 11 mission, serving as backups in case of malfunctions. This redundancy was a standard practice for critical equipment on the Apollo missions to ensure that photographic documentation could continue even if one camera failed.
9. Were any color filters used on the Hasselblad cameras?
Yes, astronauts utilized various color filters to enhance specific aspects of the lunar landscape and improve image quality under the unique lighting conditions of the moon. These filters helped to correct for color imbalances and improve the visibility of subtle details on the lunar surface.
10. Besides the Hasselblad, what other photographic equipment was used on the Apollo missions?
Besides the Hasselblad 500EL/M and the 16mm DAC, astronauts also used handheld cameras during training exercises and for documenting their activities inside the spacecraft. These included smaller format cameras and Polaroid cameras. The Apollo missions were extensively documented through a variety of photographic formats.
11. How much did the modified Hasselblad cameras cost?
The exact cost of the modified Hasselblad cameras is difficult to determine precisely due to the custom modifications and integration into the Apollo program. However, it’s safe to say that they were very expensive due to the extensive engineering and specialized components involved. The cost was considered a necessary investment to ensure the success of the mission and to capture the iconic imagery that would inspire generations.
12. How did the imagery from the Moon Landing impact the world?
The images and videos captured by the cameras on the moon had a profound and lasting impact on the world. They served as powerful symbols of human achievement, technological innovation, and the spirit of exploration. They inspired countless people to pursue careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. The photographs became iconic representations of the 20th century and continue to resonate with people around the globe, reminding us of humanity’s capacity to achieve the seemingly impossible.