What are MMP-2 and MMP-9?
What are MMP-2 and MMP-9?
MMP-2 and MMP-9 are highly expressed in breast cancer tissues and are closely related to lymph node metastasis and tumor staging. MMP-2 and MMP-9 can be used as reference indices for guiding breast cancer prognosis and treatment.
What does MMP-9 stand for?
Matrix metallopeptidase 9
Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), also known as 92 kDa type IV collagenase, 92 kDa gelatinase or gelatinase B (GELB), is a matrixin, a class of enzymes that belong to the zinc-metalloproteinases family involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix.
What does elevated MMP-9 mean?
Notably, high levels of MMP-9 have been associated with plaque progression, destability and rupture. These various effects exaggerate the inflammatory process, promoting atherosclerosis and increasing the risk of atherothrombosis and cardiovascular (CV) events.
What activates MMP-9?
Activation of MMP-9 requires a disruption of the cysteine interaction with the zinc atom thus exposing the catalytic site [13]. The most studied mechanism of MMP-9 activation is enzyme proteolysis of the pro-domain.
What is the function of MMP-2?
Normal Function The MMP2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called matrix metallopeptidase 2. This enzyme is produced in cells throughout the body and becomes part of the extracellular matrix, which is an intricate lattice of proteins and other molecules that forms in the spaces between cells.
What does MMP-2 cleave?
MMP-2, but not MMP-9, cleaves collagen I, II, and III into and fragments. MMP-2 is an important enzyme for the release of matrix sequestered growth factors and cytokines and the processing of chemokines.
What cells express MMP-9?
Cell Expression of MMP-9 MMP-9 is secreted by a wide number of cell types, including neutrophils, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Neutrophils contain multiple proteases, such as serine proteases (elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3), MMPs (MMP-8 and -9), and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA).
How do I lower my MMP-9?
EPA and DHA significantly decreased MMP-9 protein levels, MMP-9 activity, and significantly inhibited human T cell migration. The data suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may benefit patients with multiple sclerosis by modulating immune cell production of MMP-9.
What is pro MMP-2?
Activation of pro-(matrix metalloproteinase-2) (pro-MMP-2) by thrombin is membrane-type-MMP-dependent in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and generates a distinct 63 kDa active species. Biochem J.
What is the MMP-2 gene?
The MMP2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called matrix metallopeptidase 2. This enzyme is produced in cells throughout the body and becomes part of the extracellular matrix, which is an intricate lattice of proteins and other molecules that forms in the spaces between cells.
What activates matrix metalloproteinase?
Once secreted, pro-MMPs can be activated by cleavage of the pro-peptide. More than one-third of all discovered human MMPs can be activated by pro-protein convertases or furins. These MMPs contain a furin consensus sequence between their pro- and catalytic domain (fig.
What secretes MMP-9?
MMP-9, also known as gelatinase B, is secreted by a wide range of cells, such as the cardiomyocyte, fibroblast, neutrophil, macrophage, vascular smooth muscle cell, and endothelial cell [39,44].
Are matrix metalloproteinases cytokines?
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of proteolytic enzymes that function in the remodeling of tissues. Their substrates include most of the extracellular matrix components, such as collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, as well as cytokines and cell surface molecules.
What are the roles of metalloproteinases in cartilage and bone damage?
CARTILAGE DEGRADATION AND METALLOPROTEINASES Degradation of the ECM of cartilage, which is a feature of arthritic diseases, is orchestrated by both MMPs and ADAM TSs which degrade two major structural components of cartilage extracellular matrix, the proteoglycan aggrecan and type II collagen.
What do ADAMTS do?
Known functions of the ADAMTS proteases include processing of procollagens and von Willebrand factor as well as cleavage of aggrecan, versican, brevican and neurocan, making them key remodeling enzymes of the extracellular matrix.