Adjusting trailer axles is fundamentally about ensuring proper alignment for safe and efficient towing. It involves correcting issues like dog-tracking (where the trailer doesn’t follow directly behind the tow vehicle) and uneven tire wear, ultimately restoring the trailer’s stability and extending the life of its components.
Understanding Trailer Axle Alignment
The consequences of misaligned trailer axles can range from minor inconveniences to serious safety hazards. Ignoring symptoms like excessive tire wear, difficulty steering, or unusual vibrations can lead to costly repairs, accidents, and even legal liability. Understanding the basics of trailer axle alignment is crucial for any trailer owner.
Why Axle Alignment Matters
Proper axle alignment ensures that all wheels are tracking in the same direction, minimizing rolling resistance and preventing uneven tire wear. When axles are misaligned, tires scrub against the road surface, leading to premature wear and tear. This also increases fuel consumption and puts undue stress on the trailer’s suspension system. More importantly, misaligned axles compromise the trailer’s stability, making it more difficult to control, especially at higher speeds or in adverse weather conditions.
Identifying Misalignment Issues
Several telltale signs indicate that your trailer axles may be misaligned:
- Uneven Tire Wear: This is often the first and most obvious symptom. Look for wear patterns that are concentrated on the inside or outside edges of the tires.
- Dog-Tracking: Observe your trailer as it follows your tow vehicle. If it appears to be “crab-walking” or tracking slightly sideways, this is a clear sign of misalignment.
- Steering Difficulty: If you find yourself constantly fighting to keep the trailer straight, or if it feels unstable, misaligned axles could be to blame.
- Unusual Vibrations: Excessive vibrations while towing, especially at certain speeds, can indicate axle misalignment or other suspension problems.
- Visible Damage: Inspect the axles, springs, and frame for any signs of damage or deformation, which can contribute to misalignment.
The Process of Adjusting Trailer Axles
The specific steps involved in adjusting trailer axles depend on the type of axle and the nature of the misalignment. However, the general process typically involves the following:
Safety First: Preparation is Key
Before attempting any adjustments, prioritize safety:
- Park on a Level Surface: Ensure the trailer is parked on a solid, level surface to prevent accidental movement.
- Chock the Wheels: Securely chock the wheels to prevent the trailer from rolling.
- Use Jack Stands: If lifting the trailer, always use jack stands to support the frame. Never work under a trailer supported only by a jack.
- Wear Safety Glasses: Protect your eyes from debris.
- Consult the Manufacturer’s Manual: Refer to your trailer’s owner’s manual for specific instructions and recommendations.
Measurement and Diagnosis
Accurate measurements are crucial for diagnosing and correcting misalignment:
- Measure Wheelbase: Measure the distance between the axles on both sides of the trailer. Discrepancies can indicate a bent or shifted axle.
- Measure Track Width: Measure the distance between the outside of the tires on each axle. Uneven track widths can also indicate misalignment.
- Use a Straightedge: A long straightedge can be used to check the alignment of the wheels relative to the frame.
- Consider Professional Alignment: For complex or severe misalignment issues, consider having a professional trailer alignment performed. This typically involves specialized equipment and expertise.
Adjustment Techniques
Depending on the type of axle, adjustment techniques may vary:
- Leaf Spring Axles: These axles are typically adjusted by loosening the U-bolts that secure the axle to the leaf springs and shifting the axle into the correct position.
- Torsion Axles: Torsion axles are more complex to adjust and often require specialized tools and expertise. Minor adjustments can sometimes be made by adjusting the mounting brackets.
- Adjustable Axle Seats: Some trailers have adjustable axle seats that allow for fine-tuning of the axle alignment.
- Shimming: In some cases, shims can be used to correct minor alignment issues.
Final Checks and Verification
After making adjustments, it’s essential to verify the alignment:
- RemMeasure Key Dimensions: Remeasure the wheelbase and track width to ensure they are within the manufacturer’s specifications.
- Test Drive: Take the trailer for a short test drive to check for any remaining steering or vibration issues.
- Monitor Tire Wear: Keep a close eye on the tires for any signs of uneven wear.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Here are some frequently asked questions about trailer axle adjustment:
1. How often should I have my trailer axles aligned?
Regularly inspect your trailer tires for uneven wear, and have your axles aligned if you notice any discrepancies or after any significant impact or repair. Generally, an alignment check every 12 months or 12,000 miles is recommended.
2. What tools do I need to adjust trailer axles?
Essential tools include a wrench set (including socket and open-end wrenches), a measuring tape, a straightedge, a jack and jack stands, wheel chocks, safety glasses, and possibly a torque wrench. Specific tools may be required depending on the type of axle.
3. Can I adjust trailer axles myself, or should I hire a professional?
Minor adjustments can often be made by experienced DIYers with the proper tools and knowledge. However, for complex or severe misalignment issues, it’s best to hire a professional trailer mechanic with specialized equipment.
4. What are the risks of towing a trailer with misaligned axles?
Towing a trailer with misaligned axles can lead to uneven tire wear, reduced fuel efficiency, increased stress on the suspension system, difficulty steering, reduced stability, and a higher risk of accidents.
5. How much does it cost to have trailer axles aligned professionally?
The cost of a professional trailer axle alignment can vary depending on the location, the type of trailer, and the extent of the misalignment. Expect to pay anywhere from $150 to $500 or more.
6. What is a torsion axle, and how does it differ from a leaf spring axle?
A torsion axle uses rubber cords inside a metal tube to provide suspension, while a leaf spring axle uses curved metal springs. Torsion axles offer a smoother ride and require less maintenance, but they can be more difficult to adjust.
7. Can bent axles be straightened?
Minor bends in axles can sometimes be straightened by a professional with specialized equipment. However, severely bent axles should be replaced.
8. What are the torque specifications for U-bolts on leaf spring axles?
Torque specifications vary depending on the size and grade of the U-bolts. Consult your trailer’s owner’s manual or a reputable trailer mechanic for the correct torque specifications.
9. What are the common causes of trailer axle misalignment?
Common causes include impacts with curbs or potholes, overloading the trailer, loose U-bolts, and wear and tear on the suspension components.
10. Can I use a laser alignment tool for trailer axles?
Yes, laser alignment tools can provide more accurate measurements and make the alignment process easier. However, they can be expensive and require some expertise to use properly.
11. What is the difference between toe-in and toe-out?
Toe-in refers to the tires pointing slightly inward at the front, while toe-out refers to the tires pointing slightly outward. Incorrect toe can cause uneven tire wear and steering problems.
12. What should I do if I suspect my trailer frame is bent?
If you suspect your trailer frame is bent, consult a professional trailer mechanic immediately. A bent frame can compromise the structural integrity of the trailer and pose a serious safety hazard.