Movies receive their ratings through a process designed to provide parents and viewers with information about the content’s suitability for different age groups, primarily guided by the Motion Picture Association (MPA)‘s voluntary rating system in the United States. These ratings are determined by a board of parents who assess the film for elements like violence, language, nudity, and drug use, assigning a rating they believe reflects its appropriateness for different audiences.
The MPA and Its Rating System: A Guiding Light?
The system, established in 1968, is intended to be a guide, not a form of censorship. The MPA stresses that the ratings are voluntary, and filmmakers are free to release their films unrated if they choose. However, the ratings often influence a film’s commercial success, as many theaters, distributors, and retailers take them into account. The current rating system includes:
- G (General Audiences): All ages admitted. Contains nothing that would offend parents for viewing by children.
- PG (Parental Guidance Suggested): Some material may not be suitable for young children.
- PG-13 (Parents Strongly Cautioned): Some material may be inappropriate for children under 13.
- R (Restricted): Under 17 requires accompanying parent or adult guardian. Contains some adult material. Parents are urged to learn more about the film before taking their young children.
- NC-17 (No One 17 and Under Admitted): Contains adult material. Children are not admitted.
The MPA’s ratings are not laws; they are guidelines. Individual theaters and retailers can choose whether or not to enforce them. However, the widespread adoption of the MPA system makes it a powerful force in shaping moviegoing experiences.
The Rating Board: Who Makes the Decisions?
The MPA rating board is comprised of a group of parents, chosen from diverse backgrounds, who live in Southern California. These individuals are not affiliated with the entertainment industry and are tasked with reflecting the views of parents across the country. The board is kept anonymous to prevent lobbying or undue influence from filmmakers and studios. The board’s decisions are based on viewing the film and discussing its content according to established guidelines. The ratings themselves are not based on artistic merit or political viewpoint, but solely on the content deemed potentially problematic for children.
Beyond the MPA: Global Rating Systems
While the MPA rating system is prevalent in the United States, other countries have their own distinct rating systems. Many are government-controlled, reflecting the varying cultural norms and societal sensitivities around the world. These systems may use different criteria and age designations compared to the MPA. For example, the UK has the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC), which assigns ratings like U, PG, 12A, 15, and 18. In Australia, the classification system is governed by the Classification Board, and ratings include G, PG, M, MA15+, and R18+. Understanding these differences is crucial for international distribution and for viewers when accessing films from different countries. The specific criteria for each rating can vary significantly.
The Influence of Distribution on Ratings
Distribution agreements often hinge on the rating a film receives. Many theater chains, particularly those catering to family audiences, are reluctant to screen NC-17 rated films. This can significantly limit a film’s earning potential. Similarly, some retailers may choose not to stock unrated films or films with particularly restrictive ratings. Therefore, filmmakers may choose to edit their films to secure a more commercially viable rating, even if it means compromising their artistic vision. This economic pressure highlights the significant impact that ratings have on the filmmaking process.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Movie Ratings
These frequently asked questions provide further insights into the nuances of movie ratings and the factors that influence them.
FAQ 1: Can filmmakers appeal a movie rating?
Yes, filmmakers can appeal a rating they disagree with. The appeal process involves submitting the film to the MPA’s Classification and Rating Appeals Board (CARA). This board is comprised of industry professionals, including studio executives and independent producers. The Appeals Board reviews the film and the original rating decision, and they can uphold the original rating, assign a lower rating, or assign a higher rating. The decision of the Appeals Board is final. This provides filmmakers with a mechanism to challenge what they perceive as an unfair or inaccurate rating.
FAQ 2: How often are movie ratings re-evaluated?
Ratings are generally not re-evaluated unless the film is re-submitted in a different version (e.g., a director’s cut). However, the MPA periodically updates its rating guidelines to reflect changing social norms and sensitivities. While the criteria for specific ratings may evolve over time, a film’s original rating typically remains unchanged unless a new version is submitted. Therefore, the rating assigned at the time of initial release generally remains the rating associated with that particular cut of the film.
FAQ 3: Are independent films treated differently than studio films during the rating process?
No, the MPA states that all films are evaluated using the same standards, regardless of their budget, studio affiliation, or artistic style. The rating board is instructed to apply the rating guidelines consistently across all submissions. However, some independent filmmakers have expressed concerns about potential biases, particularly regarding films that challenge mainstream norms or explore controversial themes. Despite these concerns, the MPA maintains that its process is objective and fair.
FAQ 4: What specific elements are considered when assigning a rating?
The MPA rating board considers a variety of elements, including:
- Violence: The amount, intensity, and realism of violence.
- Language: The frequency and severity of profanity, slurs, and other offensive language.
- Nudity: The presence of nudity and its context (e.g., artistic, sexual, or gratuitous).
- Sex: The depiction of sexual activity, including simulated or explicit acts.
- Drug Use: The portrayal of drug use, including its glamorization or condemnation.
- Thematic Elements: The presence of themes or topics that may be disturbing or inappropriate for certain audiences.
These elements are weighed against the age range associated with each rating category, with the goal of providing parents with sufficient information to make informed decisions about what their children watch.
FAQ 5: Does the MPA ever consult with psychologists or child development experts?
The MPA’s rating board is composed of parents, reflecting the views of parents. However, the MPA does not typically consult with psychologists or child development experts on a regular basis. Their guidelines are based on extensive research and feedback from parents over the years. The reliance on parental perspectives, rather than expert opinions, is a defining characteristic of the MPA’s rating process.
FAQ 6: How does the MPA handle documentaries that contain disturbing content?
Documentaries are rated using the same criteria as fictional films. If a documentary contains graphic violence, explicit sexual content, or other elements that would be considered inappropriate for children, it may receive a higher rating. However, the MPA acknowledges the importance of documentaries in informing the public and may take into account the educational or newsworthy value of the content when assigning a rating. This consideration acknowledges the unique role documentaries play in society.
FAQ 7: What is the difference between an unrated film and an NC-17 film?
An unrated film is a film that has not been submitted to the MPA for a rating or a film that a filmmaker has chosen to release without a rating. An NC-17 film is a film that the MPA has deemed to contain adult material that is unsuitable for children under 17. An unrated film may contain content similar to an NC-17 film, but it has not been officially classified by the MPA. Often, unrated films target adult audiences and are shown at independent cinemas.
FAQ 8: Can theaters refuse to show a rated film?
Yes, theaters have the right to refuse to show any film, regardless of its rating. This is a business decision based on factors such as audience demand, theater policy, and community standards. While the MPA ratings provide guidance, individual theaters ultimately decide which films to screen. This flexibility allows theaters to cater to their specific audiences.
FAQ 9: Does the MPA make money from assigning ratings?
Yes, the MPA charges a fee for rating films. The fee varies depending on the length and budget of the film. This fee helps to cover the costs of operating the rating system, including the salaries of the rating board members and administrative staff. The revenue generated from rating fees also supports the MPA’s other activities, such as copyright enforcement and advocacy.
FAQ 10: Are there any alternatives to the MPA rating system?
Yes, several alternative rating systems and platforms exist, some community-based and some platform-specific. For example, Common Sense Media provides age-based ratings and reviews of films and other media, focusing on the educational value and potential impact on children. Parent Previews offers detailed reviews from a Christian perspective. Some streaming services also provide their own content advisories and rating systems.
FAQ 11: How do ratings affect a movie’s box office success?
Ratings can significantly affect a movie’s box office success. G and PG-rated films tend to have broader appeal and can attract larger audiences. PG-13 films are also generally commercially successful, striking a balance between family-friendliness and appeal to older teens and adults. R-rated films can be successful, but they are limited by the age restriction. NC-17 films typically struggle at the box office due to limited distribution and audience access.
FAQ 12: Is the MPA rating system still relevant in the age of streaming?
While streaming platforms often provide their own content advisories, the MPA rating system remains influential. The ratings are still widely used to promote films and provide guidance to parents, even in the digital age. Many streaming services also display MPA ratings alongside their own advisories, recognizing the established credibility and familiarity of the MPA system. The MPA has adapted to the streaming landscape by offering ratings for digital content and engaging with streaming platforms to promote responsible media consumption.